This injection system gives GDI engines several advantages compared to port fuel injection (PFI) engines, which inject fuel into the intake manifold of the engine, when the same fossil fuel is used. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are spark ignited internal combustion engines that inject highly pressurized fuel directly into the combustion chamber. Additionally, the wall film influenced by the lubricant affected the overall particle size and its distribution. Particulate emissions indicated that lubricant included in the wall film significantly affected PN emissions depending on injection conditions.
Optical experiments showed that the lubricant did not influence spray but did influence wall film formation during the injection period, which is a major factor affecting particulate matter generation.
Combustion experiments were used to determine combustion characteristics, and gaseous emissions indicated that the lubricant did not influence mixture homogeneity but had an impact on unburned fuels. An instrumented, combustion and optical singe-cylinder GDI engine fueled by four different lubricant-gasoline blends was used with various injection conditions. This study focuses on the influence of lubricant on the formation of particulate matter and its effect on particulate emissions in GDI engines.
To satisfy these regulations, various studies have been done to reduce particulate matter, and several studies focused on lubricants. However, GDI engines emit more ultrafine particulate matter, which can have negative health effects, leading to particulate emission regulations. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines emit less carbon dioxide (CO 2) than port fuel injection (PFI) engines when fossil fuel conditions are the same.
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